精鑄(zhu)件(jian)(jian)是用各種鍛造(zao)(zao)方法取得的(de)(de)金屬成型物件(jian)(jian)。用澆注、壓射、吸(xi)入(ru)或其它(ta)澆鑄(zhu)方法寫入(ru)預先準備好的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)型中，冷卻后(hou)(hou)經打磨等(deng)后(hou)(hou)續加工手法后(hou)(hou)，所得到(dao)具有肯定形狀，精密(mi)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)尺(chi)度和功能的(de)(de)物件(jian)(jian)。鑄(zhu)件(jian)(jian)使用歷(li)史悠久。古代大家用鑄(zhu)件(jian)(jian)作和一些日子用具。

鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有多(duo)種分(fen)(fen)類辦法：機加工零(ling)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)按(an)其所(suo)用(yong)金(jin)(jin)屬材料(liao)的(de)(de)不(bu)一樣(yang)，分(fen)(fen)為鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鋼件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鐵(tie)(tie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)銅(tong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鋁件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鎂件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鋅(xin)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鈦件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)。而每類鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)又可按(an)其化學成分(fen)(fen)或金(jin)(jin)相安(an)排進一步分(fen)(fen)紅(hong)不(bu)一樣(yang)的(de)(de)品種。如鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鐵(tie)(tie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)可分(fen)(fen)為灰鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鐵(tie)(tie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、球墨鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鐵(tie)(tie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、蠕(ru)墨鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鐵(tie)(tie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、可鍛(duan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鐵(tie)(tie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、合金(jin)(jin)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鐵(tie)(tie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng);按(an)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)型(xing)(xing)成型(xing)(xing)辦法的(de)(de)不(bu)一樣(yang)，可以(yi)把(ba)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)分(fen)(fen)為一般砂(sha)型(xing)(xing)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、金(jin)(jin)屬型(xing)(xing)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壓鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、離(li)心鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、連續澆注件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、熔模鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、陶瓷型(xing)(xing)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、電(dian)渣重熔鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、雙金(jin)(jin)屬鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)。其間以(yi)一般砂(sha)型(xing)(xing)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)使用(yong)最多(duo)，約占(zhan)悉數鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)產(chan)值的(de)(de)80%而鋁、鎂、鋅(xin)等(deng)有色金(jin)(jin)屬鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，多(duo)是壓鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。

二、精密鑄造(zao)的(de)發展歷程

鑄(zhu)(zhu)造是(shi)人類掌握(wo)比較早的一(yi)種金屬熱加(jia)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)，已(yi)(yi)有約6000年(nian)(nian)的歷史。中國(guo)約在公元前(qian)(qian)1700～前(qian)(qian)1000年(nian)(nian)之(zhi)間(jian)已(yi)(yi)進入青銅鑄(zhu)(zhu)件的全盛期，工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)上已(yi)(yi)達(da)到(dao)相當高的水(shui)平。鑄(zhu)(zhu)造是(shi)將液體金屬澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)到(dao)與零件形(xing)狀相適應(ying)的鑄(zhu)(zhu)造空(kong)腔中。因應(ying)不同要求，使用(yong)的方(fang)法也(ye)會有所不同。

早(zao)期(qi)：中國(guo)商朝(chao)的(de)重875公斤的(de)司(si)母戊(wu)方(fang)鼎，戰國(guo)時期(qi)的(de)曾侯乙尊盤，西漢的(de)透光(guang)鏡，都是古代鑄造的(de)代表產品。 早(zao)期(qi)的(de)鑄件大多是農業生產、宗教(jiao)、生活等方(fang)面的(de)工(gong)具(ju)(ju)或(huo)用(yong)具(ju)(ju)，藝(yi)(yi)術色彩(cai)濃厚。那(nei)時的(de)鑄造工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)是與制陶(tao)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)并行發(fa)展的(de)，受陶(tao)器(qi)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)很大。

發展：中國在公元前513年，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)出了世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)上最早見于文(wen)字記載的(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鐵(tie)(tie)件-晉(jin)國鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)型鼎,重(zhong)約270公斤。歐洲在公元八世(shi)(shi)(shi)紀前后也開(kai)始生產鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鐵(tie)(tie)件。鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鐵(tie)(tie)件的(de)出現，擴大了鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件的(de)應(ying)用范圍。18世(shi)(shi)(shi)紀的(de)工(gong)業(ye)革命(ming)以后，蒸(zheng)汽機(ji)、紡織(zhi)機(ji)和鐵(tie)(tie)路等工(gong)業(ye)興(xing)起(qi)，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件進入為大工(gong)業(ye)服務的(de)新時期，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技術開(kai)始有了大的(de)發展。

近代：進入20世紀，鑄造的(de)發(fa)展速度很快，其(qi)重要因(yin)(yin)素之一(yi)是產品技術(shu)的(de)進步 ，要求(qiu)鑄件(jian)各種(zhong)機(ji)械物理性(xing)能更好(hao)，同時仍(reng)具有良好(hao)的(de)機(ji)械加工性(xing)能;另一(yi)個原因(yin)(yin)是機(ji)械工業(ye)本身和其(qi)他(ta)工業(ye)如化工、儀表等的(de)發(fa)展，給(gei)鑄造業(ye)創造了有利的(de)物質(zhi)條(tiao)件(jian)。